The amazing migration of the monarch butterfly
Every year, monarch butterflies(Danaus plexippus) undertake one of the longest migrations in the animal kingdom. These small but mighty insects fly up to 4 800 kilometers from Canada and the northern United States to warmer wintering grounds in Mexico and California. This migration helps them survive the cold winter and is one of nature's most amazing feats.
Four generations - an epic migration
Unlike other animals that complete their migration over a lifetime, the monarch butterfly migration takes several generations to complete:
Generation 1-3 (Spring and Summer): Monarchs born in spring and summer live only a few weeks. They fly north, lay eggs and continue their journey. Each generation continues the northward migration.
Generation 4 "Super Generation" (Autumn): Monarchs born in late summer and early fall are special. They are called the 'super generation' because they can live up to eight times longer than previous generations - about 8 months! Instead of continuing north, they start their long journey south towards their wintering grounds.
Where does the monarch butterfly fly?
Monarchs from the eastern United States and Canada fly to the highland regions of central Mexico, especially in Michoacán. There, they cluster in large groups on oyamel fir trees, creating a magical, orange- and black-colored 'blanket' that helps them stay warm. Monarchs from the western United States travel instead to the temperate coast of California.
How do butterflies find their way?
Although no single butterfly makes the entire journey on its own, each generation still knows where to go. Scientists believe that monarchs use the position of the sun and an internal 'clock' to help them navigate as the sun moves across the sky. There is also evidence that they can use the Earth's magnetic field as a guide on cloudy days! This navigation system allows them to return to the same places year after year, even though each butterfly only experiences migration once.
May 19, 2025
